About CT Scan Of The Abdomen
Computed Tomography (CAT or CT) Scan Of The Brain
What is a brain CT scan?
Computed tomography (CAT or CT scan) is a procedure that involves noninvasive diagnostic imaging using a combination of computer technology and X-rays to produce axial or horizontal images (commonly known as slices) of a patient’s body. CAT scan images are well-defined and provide detailed images of any body part, including the muscles, organs, bones, and fat. These scans are much finer and more detailed than typical X-ray images.
In normal X-rays, energy beams are aimed at the part of the body being studied. A plate placed behind the part of the body being examined then capture the energy beam variations after they have passed through the muscle, bone, skin, and any other tissue. While this information can be acquired using a standard X-ray, many internal structure and organ details are not available.
In CAT or computed tomography scans, the energy beam moves in circular motions around the body. By doing this, it becomes easier for the scan to capture different views of the same structure or organ. The information is then sent to a computer, which then interprets the data before displaying it in 2D or two-dimensional form on a computer monitor.
CT/CAT scans can be performed with or without contrast – which is the substance, either injected through an IV (intravenous) line or taken by mouth, that causes particular tissues or organs being studied to be seen or viewed more clearly. Contrast examinations could require a patient to fast for a specified period before they undergo the procedure. Your technician or physician will advise you about this before proceeding with the procedure.
Brain CT/CAT scans can provide more comprehensive information about brain structures and tissues than a standard head X-ray, therefore, providing more detailed brain injury or disease information than the standard X-ray.
Other brain scan related procedures used to diagnose disorders of the brain include brain magnetic resonance imaging or MRI scanning, cerebral arteriogram, and brain positron emission tomography or PET scanning.
The Anatomy of the Brain
Our central nervous system is comprised of the brain and the spinal cord. The brain is the most important organ in the body and controls motor skills, emotions, memory, touch, thought, temperature, vision, hunger, respiration and all other processes that regulate our body.
A Look At The Different Parts of Our Brain
The brain is divided into three parts. These are the cerebellum, brainstem, and cerebrum.
Cerebrum. This part, also known as the front of the brain or supratentorial, is made up of the left and right brain hemispheres. Its functions include coordination of movement, hearing, judgement, vision, temperature, initiation of movement, reasoning, learning, problem solving, and emotions.
Brainstem. Also known as the middle of the brain or midline, the brainstem is made up of the pons, medulla, and midbrain. It is responsibilities include relaying of sensory messages (loud, hot, pain, etc.), movement of the mouth and eyes, regulating body temperature, respiration, hunger, involuntary muscle movements, consciousness, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing.
Cerebellum. Also known as the back of the brain or infratentorial, the cerebellum is located at the back of our head. Its main responsibility is to maintain posture, equilibrium, and balance, and to coordinate voluntary muscle movements.
More precisely, other parts of our brain include:
Pons. Pons are quite deep in the brain and are located within the brainstem. They contain many of the areas responsible for controlling face and eye movements, equilibrium, hearing, and facial sensation.
Medulla. The medulla is the lowest of part of our brainstem and is the most important part of the entire organ. It is where important lungs and heart control centers are located.
The spinal cord. An extensive bundle of nervous fibers located in our back, the spinal cord, extends from the brain’s base down to the lower back. It is responsible for carrying messages to the brain, from the brain, and the rest of our body.
Frontal Lobe. The frontal lobe is the largest section of our brain and is located at the front of our head. It is involved in movement and personality characteristics.
Parietal Lobe. The parietal lobe, which is the middle part of our brain, plays a crucial role as it is what helps us understand spatial relationships (this is where the body is compared to different objects around it) and to identify objects. This part is also involved in the interpretation of touch and pain.
Occipital Lobe. The back part of our brain, the occipital lobe is involved in matters related to vision.
Temporal Lobe. The temporal lobes, which are the sides of our brain, are involved in speech, sense of smell, and memory.
When is a CT/CAT scan of the brain required?
A CT/CAT scan of the brain can be performed to evaluate the brain for injuries, structural anomalies like hydrocephalus, intracranial bleeding, tumors and other lesions, brain function and other conditions, and especially if other types of examinations like a physical examination or X-rays are inconclusive.
CAT/CT scans of the brain could also be used to evaluate the effects of brain tumor treatment and to detect any clots within the organ that could be responsible for strokes. Another use of a brain CAT scan is to provide clarity and guidance for brain tissue biopsies or surgery.
There are other reasons why doctors could recommend a CT/CAT scan of the brain.
Risks Of Brain CT/CAT scans
You may need to ask your health care provider about the amount and levels of radiation used during a CAT procedure and the related risks in relation to your particular condition. It’s a good idea to maintain a record of your radiation exposure history if you have had other types of CT or X-rays scans performed on you in the past. Some of the known radiation exposure risks are related to the total number of times a patient has undergone X-ray examinations and treatments.
If you suspect that you are pregnant or are pregnant, then it is important that you let your doctor know well in advance. Exposure to radiation during pregnancy could affect the fetus, resulting in birth defects. If it is really necessary that you have a CAT scan of the brain, then special precautionary measures will have to be employed to ensure that the least amount of radiation is exposed to the fetus.
For nursing mothers, it is advisable that they wait for at least 24 hours before resuming breastfeeding. This way, the contrast material will have exited their systems.
If a contrast material is used, there are chances you’ll probably react to the mater. Patients who are sensitive to medications or are allergic should notify their physician beforehand. Also, it is important to notify your doctor if you have any kidney problems, or have ever reacted to any contrast media before. A documented allergic reaction to seafood isn’t considered an iodinated contrast contraindication.
Patients with kidney problems or who have experienced kidney failure before should notify their physicians beforehand as the media is known to cause kidney failure. At the same time, patients on diabetes medication Glucophage (metformin) are advised to notify they physician before having an IV contrast as it could cause a rare condition known as metabolic acidosis. If you take this drug (Metformin), you are advised to stop using it for some time during the procedure and wait for forty-eight hours after the procedure before taking it. A blood test may be required to see how well your kidney is functioning before you can start using Metformin again.
There could be other risks, but it all depends on your particular medical condition. Make sure that you discuss any concerns you have with your doctor beforehand.
How to prepare for a brain scan
You should ideally wear loose fitting, comfortable clothing as you go to your exam. Before the procedure starts, you may be given a gown to wear.
Any metal objects including things like dentures, jewelry, hair pins, eyeglasses, etc. may affect the CT images and should therefore be removed before your exam or left at home altogether. You might also be asked to remove any removable dental work and hearing aids. If possible, you may be asked to remove any piercings. Women might also be asked to remove bras that contain metal underwire.
You will also be asked in advance not to drink or eat anything several hours beforehand, particularly if your exam involves the use of a contrast material. Make sure that you inform your doctor of any medications that you’re taking, and any allergies you might have. In case you have any known allergies to contrast dyes or material, your physician might prescribe some medications (mostly a steroid) to minimize the risk of developing an allergic reaction. You should take the medications as instructed, typically 12 hours before the administration of the contrast material. To prevent unnecessary delays, be sure to contact your physician before the exact time of the exam.
Don’t forget to let your doctor know any recent medical conditions or illnesses and whether you have a history of asthma, heart disease, kidney disease, diabetes, or thyroid problems. Any of these conditions will increase the risk of developing an unusual adverse effect. Your radiologists should also know if you have multiple myeloma, asthma, or any other disorder of the heart, thyroid gland, or kidneys, or if you have diabetes; especially if you’re taking Glucophage.
For women, you should always inform your CT technologist and your physician if there is any possibility that you may be pregnant.
What to expect
What does the equipment to look like?
The CT scanner is a distinctly shaped, large, boxlike machine short tunnel or hole at its center. You’ll lie down on a special, narrow examination table which slides in and out of the tunnel. The x-ray tube and an electronic x-ray detector will be rotating around you, and are located on opposite sides of each other in a ring-like structure called a Gantry.
In a separate room will be the computer workstation that processes the imaging information, and it’s where the technologist will be operating the scanner. The technologist will also be monitoring your examination in a direct visual contact and will in most cases be able to talk to you and hear you using a speaker and microphone.
How the procedure works
In a lot of ways, CT scanning works quite similarly to other x-ray examinations. Different parts of the body will absorb varying degrees of x-rays. This crucial difference in absorption rates allows body parts to be distinguished from each other on a CT electronic image or x-ray film.
Conventional x-ray exams have a small amount of radiation aimed at and passed through the target body part being examined, then an image is recorded on a special electronic image recording plate. On the x-ray, bones will appear white; soft tissue including organs like the liver or heart will show up in shades of grey; air appears black.
With CT scanning, a number of x-ray beams coupled with a set of x-ray detectors (electronic) rotate around you. In the process, they’ll measure the amount of radiation that’s absorbed in different parts of your body. At times, the examination table will move during the scan to ensure that the x-ray beam takes a spiral path. A specialized computer software is then used to process the large volume of data to create a 2-D cross-sectional images of your body, and then display them on a monitor.
You can think of CT imaging as observing a loaf of bread by first cutting it into many thin slices, such that when the image slices are reassembled through the computer software, the result into a very detailed multidimensional view of the loaf’s interior.
Recent advancements in refinements in detector technology allow almost all the modern CT scanners to get multiple image slices in just a single rotation. Such scanners are referred to as multi-detector CT or multi-slice CT, and allow for thinner image slices to be obtained in very short amount of time, which results into additional view capabilities and more detail.
The more modern CT scanners are so fast that they only need a few seconds to scan through large sections of your body. They’re even faster in small children. Such amounts of speeds are beneficial to all patients, but more so children, the critically ill, and the elderly, all of whom might have difficulty staying still, even for the brief amount of time required for images to be taken. The CT scanner technique can be adjusted for children to fit their size and area of interest, and minimize the dose of radiation.
Some CT exams may require the use of a contrast material to enhance the visibility of the area of interest.
CT scanning procedure
The technologist starts by positioning the patient on the CT examination table, often lying flat on their back. Pillows and straps might be used to help a patient maintain the correct posture and position as well as help them remain still during the exam.
Most scanners are fast enough to scan children without the need for sedation. In some special cases, the use of sedation may be required if the child cannot hold still. This is because motion leads to blurring of the image and degrades the quality of the examination, just as it affects conventional photographs.
Depending on the type of exam, if a contrast material is to be used, it’s either swallowed or injected via an intravenous line (IV). In some rare cases, it may also be administered by enema. Next, the table moves quickly through the scanner to find the correct position to start the scan. The table then moves slowly into the machine for the CT scanning to start. Based on the kind of CT scan required, the machine might take several passes.
You might be asked to momentarily hold your breath as the scan is performed. Any type of motion, whether body movements or breathing can cause artefacts on the final image. Such degradation of image quality resembles the blurring you will see on a photograph of a moving object.
Once the examination is complete, you’ll have to wait for a few minutes for the technologist to verify that the taken images are of high quality, enough for accurate interpretation. A head CT scan is usually completed within 10 minutes.
What can I expect to happen during and following the procedure?
In general, CT exams are easy, fast Additional reading and painless. Using multidetector CT reduces how long a patient must lie still.
Although no pain is caused by the actual scanning process, needing to lie still for several minutes might result in some discomfort. The CT exam might be stressful for you, if you have chronic pain, are claustrophobic or have difficulty staying still. The nurse or technologist, under a physician’s direction, might offer some medication to you to help make the CT scanning procedure more tolerable.
If there is any intravenous contrast material utilized, you will feel a pinprick sensation when the needle gets inserted inside of your vein. Most likely you will have a flushed, warm sensation while the contrast materials are being injected and there will be a metallic taste inside of your mouth that will last for one to two minutes at most. You might have the feeling that you need to urinate; however, that will subside quickly and is a contrast effect.
After you have entered the CT scanner, there might be special light lines projected onto your body. These are used to make sure your body is positioned properly. With a modern CT scanner, all you will hear are slight whirring, clicking and buzzing noises as the internal parts of the CT scanner, which usually are not visible to you, are revolving around you throughout the imaging process.
During your CT scan, you will be alone inside of the exam room, unless it is a special situation. For example, at times, a parent who has a lead shield on might remain with their child in the room. However, the technologist can hear, see, and speak to use through the built-in intercom system at all times.
A parent might be allowed inside of the room with a pediatric patient but will have to wear a lead apron so that radiation exposure is minimized.
After the CT exam is complete, the technologist will remove the intravenous line that was used for injecting the contrast material, and a small dressing will be placed over the tiny hole that the needle made to cover it. You can then resume your regular activities.
Who interprets my exam results and how will I receive them?
A radiologist who has expertise in interpreting and supervising radiology exams will analyze your images and then an official report will be sent to your primary physician or the physician who referred you for a CT exam. Your physician will discuss your results with you.
It might be necessary to have follow-up exams. Your physician will explain exactly why another exam has been requested. At times a follow-up exam is conducted because there is a potential abnormality that needs to be evaluated further with a special imaging technique or additional views. A follow-up exam might also be necessary in order to monitor any changes in a known abnormality over time. Some the best way to know whether a treatment is working or not or a finding is stable or has changed over time is through follow-up exams.
What are a CT scan’s benefits and risks?
Benefits
– A CT scan is accurate, noninvasive and painless.
– One major advantage that a CT has is its capability to image blood vessels, soft tissue, and bone simultaneously.
– CT scanning, unlike conventional x-rays, provides images that are very detailed of many kinds of tissue in addition to the blood vessels, bones, and lungs.
– CT exams are simple and fast; in an emergency situation, they are able to reveal bleeding and internal injuries quickly enough to help save a life.
– It has been shown that CT is a cost-effective imaging tool for a broad array of various clinical issues.
– CT is less sensitive compared to MRI to patient movement.
– Unlike MRI, a CT scan may be performed even if you have any kind of implanted medical device.
– A diagnosis that is determined by a CT scan might eliminate the need for surgical biopsy and exploratory surgery.
– Following a CT exam, no radiation stays inside of the patient’s body.
– There should be no immediate side effects to the X-rays that are used in CT scans.
Risks
– There always is a slight chance of cancer due to radiation exposure. However, the benefit of receiving an accurate diagnosis from the scan far outweighs any risk involved.
– The effective dose of radiation for the procedure does vary.
– Women always should inform their physician and CT or x-ray technologist if there is a possibility they are pregnant.
– In general, CT scanning is not recommended for a woman who is pregnant, unless it is medically necessary due to the potential risk for the baby. However, with head CT scanning, this risk is minimal.
– Intravenous contrast manufacturers indicate that a baby should not be breastfed by the mother for 24-48 hours after being given contrast medium. However, both the European Society of Urogenital Radiology and American College
About CT Scan Of The Abdomen
Abdominal CAT Or CT Scans
What is an abdominal CT scan?
Computed tomography, also known as a CAT or CT scan, is a diagnostic imaging technique that is noninvasive and uses a combination of computer technology and x-ray to visualize the internal organs. The images, or slices, produced are of the axial or horizontal planes of the body. The images produced by a CT scan can include blood vessels, bones, organs, fat, and muscles. CT is used for much more detailed images than can be achieved with x-ray and for structures that cannot be visualized via x-ray.
During a traditional x-ray, the radiation energy is directed at the body part that requires imaging. A plate is positioned under or behind the part being assessed, which is used to capture the radiation beam as it passes through the body part. Although x-ray is useful for diagnosing conditions or injuries in some body parts, such as bone, conditions affecting the internal organs and soft tissues cannot be visualized with x-ray.
During a CT scan, the small amount of radioactive energy moves around the body in a circular pattern. This creates images of the organs from multiple angles. The resulting data is interpreted by a computer and creates a two dimensional form, which is presented on the computer monitor.
CT scans are performed with or without a contrast agent. A contrast is a substance that is either consumed by mouth or administered intravenously, which enhances the visualization of the organs being observed under CT. Depending on the reason for a CT scan or the exact organs being scanned, you may need to fast before the imaging process. If this is necessary, your doctor will give you specific pre-test instructions.
Abdominal CT scans are more informative than x-rays of the abdomen. They are frequently used to help diagnose conditions of the abdominal organs or determine the extent of injuries.
CT scans are also used during other procedures to help determine the placement of instruments, such as needles, during the course of biopsies or to remove (aspirate) fluid from the abdomen. Abdominal CT is also used to monitor various conditions, such as tumors, before, during, and after treatments.
Abdominal conditions can be diagnosed using various diagnostic imaging procedures. These can include standard x-ray, endoscopy, abdominal ultrasound, colonoscopy, abdominal angiogram, and CT scans of the kidney, liver, pancreas, and/or gallbladder.
Why are abdominal CT scans used?
There are numerous organs located within the abdomen and abdominopelvic region. These organs are components of the endocrine, gastrointestinal, urinary, and reproductive systems. When an abdominal CT scan is performed, it may be used to identify lesions, tumors, intra-abdominal bleeding, injuries, obstructions, infections, unexplained pain, or other problems, especially when other diagnostic imaging tests or physical examinations are inconclusive.
If an abdominal tumor is present, an abdominal CT may be used to help monitor the effectiveness of treatments. Abdominal CTs are also used to aid in guiding the needle during fluid aspiration or biopsies of abdominal organs.
Your doctor may recommend an abdominal CT for other reasons.
Are there risks associated with an abdominal CT scan?
You should discuss with your doctor any concerns you have about the use of radiation to perform a CT and how it affects your specific situation. You should consider keeping thorough records of any history of radiation exposure, such as other x-rays and CT scans, so you can discuss your past history of radiation exposure with your doctor. Any risks associated with radiation exposure from CT and x-ray are cumulative, meaning the risk increases with multiple exposures to diagnostic imaging radiation over time.
You should inform your health care professional if you are currently pregnant or believe you might be pregnant. Exposure to radiation during pregnancy is associated with birth defects.
When contrast is used during a CT, there is the risk of having an allergic reaction. If you are allergic or have sensitivities to any medications, you should always notify your physician. Inform them if you have any past or current kidney problems and any previous history of reactions to contrast agents. Having a seafood allergy is not contraindicated with iodinated contrasts. If you currently take metformin (Glucophage), or similar medications, you may need to stop your medications at least 48 hours before you are administered contrast. When contrast is combined with these medications, it may cause a dangerous change in blood pH, called metabolic acidosis.
Patients with a history of kidney failure or renal disease should inform their doctor immediately. Contrast agents may contribute to kidney failure in some people, particularly if they are experiencing dehydration or have a history of renal disease.
Depending on your specific medical needs or underlying conditions, there are other risks that need to be discussed with your doctor. Always discuss your concerns with your medical team before agreeing to have the procedure.
Some medical conditions or factors may impede the accuracy of an abdominal CT, such as:
The presence of metal objects inside the abdomen, such as rods, pins, or surgical clips.
Any residual barium from a recent barium enema.
Gas and/or stool within the bowel.
A complete hip replacement.
How to prepare for an abdominal scan
You should ideally wear loose fitting, comfortable clothing as you go to your exam. Before the procedure starts, you may be given a gown to wear.
Any metal objects including things like dentures, jewelry, hair pins, eyeglasses, etc. may affect the CT images and should therefore be removed before your exam or left at home altogether. You might also be asked to remove any removable dental work and hearing aids. If possible, you may be asked to remove any piercings. Women might also be asked to remove bras that contain metal underwire.
You will also be asked in advance not to drink or eat anything several hours beforehand, particularly if your exam involves the use of a contrast material. Make sure that you inform your doctor of any medications that you’re taking, and any allergies you might have. In case you have any known allergies to contrast dyes or material, your physician might prescribe some medications (mostly a steroid) to minimize the risk of developing an allergic reaction. You should take the medications as instructed, typically 12 hours before the administration of the contrast material. To prevent unnecessary delays, be sure to contact your physician before the exact time of the exam.
Don’t forget to let your doctor know any recent medical conditions or illnesses and whether you have a history of asthma, heart disease, kidney disease, diabetes, or thyroid problems. Any of these conditions will increase the risk of developing an unusual adverse effect. Your radiologists should also know if you have multiple myeloma, asthma, or any other disorder of the heart, thyroid gland, or kidneys, or if you have diabetes; especially if you’re taking Glucophage.
For women, you should always inform your CT technologist and your physician if there is any possibility that you may be pregnant.
What to expect
What does the equipment to look like?
The CT scanner is a distinctly shaped, large, boxlike machine short tunnel or hole at its center. You’ll lie down on a special, narrow examination table which slides in and out of the tunnel. The x-ray tube and an electronic x-ray detector will be rotating around you, and are located on opposite sides of each other in a ring-like structure called a Gantry.
In a separate room will be the computer workstation that processes the imaging information, and it’s where the technologist will be operating the scanner. The technologist will also be monitoring your examination in a direct visual contact and will in most cases be able to talk to you and hear you using a speaker and microphone.
How the procedure works
In a lot of ways, CT scanning works quite similarly to other x-ray examinations. Different parts of the body will absorb varying degrees of x-rays. This crucial difference in absorption rates allows body parts to be distinguished from each other on a CT electronic image or x-ray film.
Conventional x-ray exams have a small amount of radiation aimed at and passed through the target body part being examined, then an image is recorded on a special electronic image recording plate. On the x-ray, bones will appear white; soft tissue including organs like the liver or heart will show up in shades of grey; air appears black.
With CT scanning, a number of x-ray beams coupled with a set of x-ray detectors (electronic) rotate around you. In the process, they’ll measure the amount of radiation that’s absorbed in different parts of your body. At times, the examination table will move during the scan to ensure that the x-ray beam takes a spiral path. A specialized computer software is then used to process the large volume of data to create a 2-D cross-sectional images of your body, and then display them on a monitor.
You can think of CT imaging as observing a loaf of bread by first cutting it into many thin slices, such that when the image slices are reassembled through the computer software, the result into a very detailed multidimensional view of the loaf’s interior.
Recent advancements in refinements in detector technology allow almost all the modern CT scanners to get multiple image slices in just a single rotation. Such scanners are referred to as multi-detector CT or multi-slice CT, and allow for thinner image slices to be obtained in very short amount of time, which results into additional view capabilities and more detail.
The more modern CT scanners are so fast that they only need a few seconds to scan through large sections of your body. They’re even faster in small children. Such amounts of speeds are beneficial to all patients, but more so children, the critically ill, and the elderly, all of whom might have difficulty staying still, even for the brief amount of time required for images to be taken. The CT scanner technique can be adjusted for children to fit their size and area of interest, and minimize the dose of radiation.
Some CT exams may require the use of a contrast material to enhance the visibility of the area of interest.
CT scanning procedure
The technologist starts by positioning the patient on the CT examination table, often lying flat on their back. Pillows and straps might be used to help a patient maintain the correct posture and position as well as help them remain still during the exam.
Most scanners are fast enough to scan children without the need for sedation. In some special cases, the use of sedation may be required if the child cannot hold still. This is because motion leads to blurring of the image and degrades the quality of the examination, just as it affects conventional photographs.
Depending on the type of exam, if a contrast material is to be used, it’s either swallowed or injected via an intravenous line (IV). In some rare cases, it may also be administered by enema. Next, the table moves quickly through the scanner to find the correct position to start the scan. The table then moves slowly into the machine for the CT scanning to https://ubid-imaging-and-diagnostics.business.site start. Based on the kind of CT scan required, the machine might take several passes.
You might be asked to momentarily hold your breath as the scan is performed. Any type of motion, whether body movements or breathing can cause artefacts on the final image. Such degradation of image quality resembles the blurring you will see on a photograph of a moving object.
Once the examination is complete, you’ll have to wait for a few minutes for the technologist to verify that the taken images are of high quality, enough for accurate interpretation. A head CT scan is usually completed within 10 minutes.
What can I expect to happen during and following the procedure?
In general, CT exams are easy, fast and painless. Using multidetector CT reduces how long a patient must lie still.
Although no pain is caused by the actual scanning process, needing to lie still for several minutes might result in some discomfort. The CT exam might be stressful for you, if you have chronic pain, are claustrophobic or have difficulty staying still. The nurse or technologist, under a physician’s direction, might offer some medication to you to help make the CT scanning procedure more tolerable.
If there is any intravenous contrast material utilized, you will feel a pinprick sensation when the needle gets inserted inside of your vein. Most likely you will have a flushed, warm sensation while the contrast materials are being injected and there will be a metallic taste inside of your mouth that will last for one to two minutes at most. You might have the feeling that you need to urinate; however, that will subside quickly and is a contrast effect.
After you have entered the CT scanner, there might be special light lines projected onto your body. These are used to make sure your body is positioned properly. With a modern CT scanner, all you will hear are slight whirring, clicking and buzzing noises as the internal parts of the CT scanner, which usually are not visible to you, are revolving around you throughout the imaging process.
During your CT scan, you will be alone inside of the exam room, unless it is a special situation. For example, at times, a parent who has a lead shield on might remain with their child in the room. However, the technologist can hear, see, and speak to use through the built-in intercom system at all times.
A parent might be allowed inside of the room with a pediatric patient but will have to wear a lead apron so that radiation exposure is minimized.
After the CT exam is complete, the technologist will remove the intravenous line that was used for injecting the contrast material, and a small dressing will be placed over the tiny hole that the needle made to cover it. You can then resume your regular activities.
Who interprets my exam results and how will I receive them?
A radiologist who has expertise in interpreting and supervising radiology exams will analyze your images and then an official report will be sent to your primary physician or the physician who referred you for a CT exam. Your physician will discuss your results with you.
It might be necessary to have follow-up exams. Your physician will explain exactly why another exam has been requested. At times a follow-up exam is conducted because there is a potential abnormality that needs to be evaluated further with a special imaging technique or additional views. A follow-up exam might also be necessary in order to monitor any changes in a known abnormality over time. Some the best way to know whether a treatment is working or not or a finding is stable or has changed over time is through follow-up exams.
What are a CT scan’s benefits and risks?
Benefits
– A CT scan is accurate, noninvasive and painless.
– One major advantage that a CT has is its capability to image blood vessels, soft tissue, and bone simultaneously.
– CT scanning, unlike conventional x-rays, provides images that are very detailed of many kinds of tissue in addition to the blood vessels, bones, and lungs.
– CT exams are simple and fast; in an emergency situation, they are able to reveal bleeding and internal injuries quickly enough to help save a life.
– It has been shown that CT is a cost-effective imaging tool for a broad array of various clinical issues.
– CT is less sensitive compared to MRI to patient movement.
– Unlike MRI, a CT scan may be performed even if you have any kind of implanted medical device.
– A diagnosis that is determined by a CT scan might eliminate the need for surgical biopsy and exploratory surgery.
– Following a CT exam, no radiation stays inside of the patient’s body.
– There should be no immediate side effects to the X-rays that are used in CT scans.
Risks
– There always is a slight chance of cancer due to radiation exposure. However, the benefit of receiving an accurate diagnosis from the scan far outweighs any risk involved.
– The effective dose of radiation for the procedure does vary.
– Women always should inform their physician and CT or x-ray technologist if there is a possibility they are pregnant.
– In general, CT scanning is not recommended for a woman who is pregnant, unless it is medically necessary due to the potential risk for the baby. However, with head CT scanning, this risk is minimal.
– Intravenous contrast manufacturers indicate that a baby should not be breastfed by the mother for 24-48 hours after being given contrast medium. However, both the European Society of Urogenital Radiology and American College of Radiology (ACR) have noted that available data suggests it is safe to breastfeed after intravenous contrast has been received. Please consult ACR’s Manual on Contrast Media along with its references for further information.
– The risk is extremely rare o serious reaction to any contrast materials containing iodine, and radiology departments are very well-equipped to handle them.
– Since children are more sensitive to the effects of radiation, they only should have a CT exam if it is essential for a diagnosis to be made, and repeated CT exams should not be done unless they are absolutely necessary. The lose-dose technique should always be done in any CT scans performed on children.
– What limitations does CT Scanning of the Head have?
A very large person might not fit inside of the opening on a conventional CT scanner or might be over the moving table’s weight limit – which is usually 450 pounds.
When compared with MRI imaging, on CT scans the precise soft tissue details (especially of the brain and its disease processes) are not as visible. The CT scan is not very sensitive when it comes to detecting meninges inflammation – which is the membranes that cover the brain.
About CT Scans Of The Head
Head CT Scans
A CT Scan of the head utilizes special x-ray equipment to help in the assessment of head injuries, dizziness, severe headaches, and other symptoms of bleeding, aneurysm, brain tumors, and stroke. This can also help the physician to assess your sinuses, face, and skull or to develop a plan for radiation therapy in brain cancer treatment. In some emergency cases, the scan can reveal internal bleeding and injuries quickly enough to save lives.
If there’s a possibility that you’re pregnant, tell your doctor and be sure to discuss any recent medical conditions, illnesses, allergies, and medications you’re taking. Before the procedure, you will be instructed not to eat or drink anything for a few hours in advance. In case you have a known allergic reaction to contrast material, the doctor may prescribe some medications to reduce the impact of the allergy. These medications should be taken 12 hours before the exam. Leave all your jewelry at home, and wear comfortable loose clothing. You may be asked to wear a gown.
What’s Involved in the CT Scanning of the Head?
Computer tomography, commonly referred to as a CAT or CT scan is a diagnostic medical test that produces multiple pictures or images of the inside of the body just like the traditional x-rays.
The CT scan generates cross-sectional images which can be reformatted in multiple planes, and can even be used to generate 3-D images. The images can be printed on a film, viewed on a computer monitor, or transferred to a storage medium such as a DVD or CD.
In comparison to the traditional x-rays, CT images of various internal organs, blood vessels, soft tissue, and bones, have a much greater detail, especially of blood vessels and soft tissues. CT scanning also gives a much greater detail on head injuries, brain tumor, stroke, and other brain conditions than the regular radiographs (x-rays).
Common uses of CT scans
• Head CT scans are typically used to detect:
• Bleeding caused by a leaking or ruptured aneurysm in patients with a sudden severe headache
• Brain injury, bleeding, and skull fractures in patients with head injuries
• A stroke, particularly with the new technique referred to as Perfusion CT
• Bleeding or a blood clot within the brain shortly after symptoms of a stroke are recorded
• Enlarged ventricles (brain cavities) in patients with hydrocephalus
• Brain tumors
• Malfunctions or diseases of the skull
CT scanning is also used in:
• assessing the extent of soft tissue and bone damage in patients with facial trauma before surgical reconstruction.
• Determining whether inflammation of other changes have occurred in the paranasal sinuses
• Diagnosing diseases of the temporal bone located on the side of the skull, which might be the cause of hearing problems
• Planning radiation therapy for cancer of the brain and other tissues
• Assessing arteriovenous malfunctions or aneurysms through the CT angiography technique
How to prepare for a head scan
You should ideally wear loose fitting, comfortable clothing as you go to your exam. Before the procedure starts, you may be given a gown to wear.
Any metal objects including things like dentures, jewelry, hair pins, eyeglasses, etc. may affect the CT images and should therefore be removed before your exam or left at home altogether. You might also be asked to remove any removable dental work and hearing aids. If possible, you may be asked to remove any piercings. Women might also be asked to remove bras that contain metal underwire.
You will also be asked in advance not to drink or eat anything several hours beforehand, particularly if your exam involves the use of a contrast material. Make sure that you inform your doctor of any medications that you’re taking, and any allergies you might have. In case you have any known allergies to contrast dyes or material, your physician might prescribe some medications (mostly a steroid) to minimize the risk of developing an allergic reaction. You should take the medications as instructed, typically 12 hours before the administration of the contrast material. To prevent unnecessary delays, be sure to contact your physician before the exact time of the exam.
Don’t forget to let your doctor know any recent medical conditions or illnesses and whether you have a history of asthma, heart disease, kidney disease, diabetes, or thyroid problems. Any of these conditions will increase the risk of developing an unusual adverse effect. Your radiologists should also know if you have multiple myeloma, asthma, or any other disorder of the heart, thyroid gland, or kidneys, or if you have diabetes; especially if you’re taking Glucophage.
For women, you should always inform your CT technologist and your physician if there is any possibility that you may be pregnant.
What to expect
What does the equipment to look like?
The CT scanner is a distinctly shaped, large, boxlike machine short tunnel or hole at its center. You’ll lie down on a special, narrow examination table which slides in and out of the tunnel. The x-ray tube and an electronic x-ray detector will be rotating around you, and are located on opposite sides of each other in a ring-like structure called a Gantry.
In a separate room will be the computer workstation that processes the imaging information, and it’s where the technologist will be operating the scanner. The technologist will also be monitoring your examination in a direct visual contact and will in most cases be able to talk to you and hear you using a speaker and microphone.
How the procedure works
In a lot of ways, CT scanning works quite similarly to other x-ray examinations. Different parts of the body will absorb varying degrees of x-rays. This crucial difference in absorption rates allows body parts to be distinguished from each other on a CT electronic image or x-ray film.
Conventional x-ray exams have a small amount of radiation aimed at and passed through the target body part being examined, then an image is recorded on a special electronic image recording plate. On the x-ray, bones will appear white; soft tissue including organs like the liver or heart will show up in shades of grey; air appears black.
With CT scanning, a number of x-ray beams coupled with a set of x-ray detectors (electronic) rotate around you. In the process, they’ll measure the amount of radiation that’s absorbed in different parts of your body. At times, the examination table will move during the scan to ensure that the x-ray beam takes a spiral path. A specialized computer software is then used to process the large volume of data to create a 2-D cross-sectional images of your body, and then display them on a monitor.
You can think of CT imaging as observing a loaf of bread by first cutting it into many thin slices, such that when the image slices are reassembled through the computer software, the result into a very detailed multidimensional view of the loaf’s interior.
Recent advancements in refinements in detector technology allow almost all the modern CT scanners to get multiple image slices in just a single rotation. Such scanners are referred to as multi-detector CT or multi-slice CT, and allow for thinner image slices to be obtained in very short amount of time, which results into additional view capabilities and more detail.
The more modern CT scanners are so fast that they only need a few seconds to scan through large sections of your body. They’re even faster in small children. Such amounts of speeds are beneficial to all patients, but more so children, the critically ill, and the elderly, all of whom might have difficulty staying still, even for the brief amount of time required for images to be taken. The CT scanner technique can be adjusted for children to fit their size and area of interest, and minimize the dose of radiation.
Some CT exams may require the use of a contrast material to enhance the visibility of the area of interest.
CT scanning procedure
The technologist starts by positioning the patient on the CT examination table, often lying flat on their back. Pillows and straps might be used to help a patient maintain the correct posture and position as well as help them remain still during the exam.
Most scanners are fast enough to scan children without the need for sedation. In some special cases, the use of sedation may be required if the child cannot hold still. This is because motion leads to blurring of the image and degrades the quality of the examination, just as it affects conventional photographs.
Depending on the type of exam, if a contrast material is to be used, it’s either swallowed or injected via an intravenous line (IV). In some rare cases, it may also be administered by enema. Next, the table moves quickly through the scanner to find the correct position to start the scan. The table then moves slowly into the machine for the CT scanning to start. Based on the kind of CT scan required, the machine might take several passes.
You might be asked to momentarily hold your breath as the scan is performed. Any type of motion, whether body movements or breathing can cause artefacts on the final image. Such degradation of image quality resembles the blurring you will see on a photograph of a moving object.
Once the examination is complete, you’ll have to wait for a few minutes for the technologist to verify that the taken images are of high quality, enough for accurate interpretation. A head CT scan is usually completed within 10 minutes.
What can I expect to happen during and following the procedure?
In general, CT exams are easy, fast and painless. Using multidetector CT reduces how long a patient must lie still.
Although no pain is caused by the actual scanning process, needing to lie still for several minutes might result in some discomfort. The CT exam might be stressful for you, if you have chronic pain, are claustrophobic or have difficulty staying still. The nurse or technologist, under a physician’s direction, might offer some medication to you to help make the CT scanning procedure more tolerable.
If there is any intravenous contrast material utilized, you will feel a pinprick sensation when the needle gets inserted inside of your vein. Most likely you will have a flushed, warm sensation while the contrast materials are being injected and there will be a metallic taste inside of your mouth that will last for one to two minutes at most. You might have the feeling that you need to urinate; however, that will subside quickly and is a contrast effect.
After you have entered the CT scanner, there might be special light lines projected onto your body. These are used to make sure your body is positioned properly. With a modern CT scanner, all you will hear are slight whirring, clicking and buzzing noises as the internal parts of the CT scanner, which usually are not visible to you, are revolving around you throughout the imaging process.
During your CT scan, you will be alone inside of the exam room, unless it is a special situation. For example, at times, a parent who has a lead shield on might remain with their child in the room. However, the technologist can hear, see, and speak to use through the built-in intercom system at all times.
A parent might be allowed inside of the room with a pediatric patient but will have to wear a lead apron so that radiation exposure is minimized.
After the CT exam is complete, the technologist will remove the intravenous line that was used for injecting the contrast material, and a small dressing will be placed over the tiny hole that the needle made to cover it. You can then resume your regular activities.
Who interprets my exam results and how will I receive them?
A radiologist who has expertise in interpreting and supervising radiology exams will analyze your images and then an official report will be sent to your primary physician or the physician who referred you for a CT exam. Your physician will discuss your results with you.
It might be necessary to have follow-up exams. Your physician will explain exactly why another exam has been requested. At times a follow-up exam is conducted because there is a potential abnormality that needs to be evaluated further with a special imaging technique or additional views. A follow-up exam might also be necessary in order to monitor any changes in a known abnormality over time. Some the best way to know whether a treatment is working or not or a finding is stable or has changed over time is through follow-up exams.
What are a CT scan’s benefits and risks?
Benefits
– A CT scan is accurate, noninvasive and painless.
– One major advantage that a CT has is its capability to image blood vessels, soft tissue, and bone simultaneously.
– CT scanning, unlike conventional x-rays, provides images that are very detailed of many kinds of tissue in addition to the blood vessels, bones, and lungs.
– CT exams are simple and fast; in an emergency situation, they are able to reveal bleeding and internal injuries quickly enough to help save a life.
– It has been shown that CT is a cost-effective imaging tool for a broad array of various clinical issues.
– CT is less sensitive compared to MRI to patient movement.
– Unlike MRI, a CT scan may be performed even if you have any kind of implanted medical device.
– A diagnosis that is determined get more info by a CT scan might eliminate the need for surgical biopsy and exploratory surgery.
– Following a CT exam, no radiation stays inside of the patient’s body.
– There should be no immediate side effects to the X-rays that are used in CT scans.
Risks
– There always is a slight chance of cancer due to radiation exposure. However, the benefit of receiving an accurate diagnosis from the scan far outweighs any risk involved.
– The effective dose of radiation for the procedure does vary.
– Women always should inform their physician and CT or x-ray technologist if there is a possibility they are pregnant.
– In general, CT scanning is not recommended for a woman who is pregnant, unless it is medically necessary due to the potential risk for the baby. However, with head CT scanning, this risk is minimal.
– Intravenous contrast manufacturers indicate that a baby should not be breastfed by the mother for 24-48 hours after being given contrast medium. However, both the European Society of Urogenital Radiology and American College of Radiology (ACR) have noted that available data suggests it is safe to breastfeed after intravenous contrast has been received. Please consult ACR’s Manual on Contrast Media along with its references for further information.
– The risk is extremely rare o serious reaction to any contrast materials containing iodine, and radiology departments are very well-equipped to handle them.
– Since children are more sensitive to the effects of radiation, they only should have a CT exam if it is essential for a diagnosis to be made, and repeated CT exams should not be done unless they are absolutely necessary. The lose-dose technique should always be done in any CT scans performed on children.
– What limitations does CT Scanning of the Head have?
A very large person might not fit inside of the opening on a conventional CT scanner or might be over the moving table’s weight limit – which is usually 450 pounds.
When compared with MRI imaging, on CT scans the precise soft tissue details (especially of the brain and its disease processes) are not as visible. The CT scan is not very sensitive when it comes to detecting meninges inflammation – which is the membranes that cover the brain.
About CT Scan Of The Chest
Computed Tomography (CT or CAT) Scan of the Chest
Computer tomography, also referred to as a CAT scan or CT scan is a non-invasive imaging diagnostic procedure, which uses computer technology and X-rays to produce axial or horizontal images 9also called slices) of the human body. The CAT scan essentially shows detailed images of the part of the body in question, including muscles, bones, organs, and fats. CT scans are in essence more detailed than the standard X-rays.
For standard x-rays, an energy beam is aimed to the part of the body being studies. A plate, usually placed behind the body, captures the variations of the beam as it passes through the skin, tissue, bone, or muscle. However, though you can get a lot of information about the internal organs and structures on a standard X-ray, a lot of detail is not availed.
The CT scan has the X-ray moving in a circle around the body. What this does is allow for many different views of the same structure or organ. Then, the information is sent to the computer, which will interpret the data and display the result on a 2-dimensional format on a computer monitor.
In essence, CT scans can be done with or without contrast – the substance taken orally or injected into an intravenous (IV) channel to help the particular part, tissue, or organ become more visible under the beams. In this case, contrast examinations often need you to keep away from taking food orally for a period of time before the procedure is done. Your doctor should notify you about this in due time.
Chest CT scans can offer a much-detailed information about the various structures and organs located inside the chest region, than standard X-rays would. Therefore, this is a more effective diagnostic procedure as it provides more information when it comes to injuries and diseases that are related to the thoracic (chest) organs.
CT scans on the chest can also be used to see the placement of needles in biopsy procedures for thoracic tumors or organs or during the withdrawal (aspiration) of fluid from the thoracic cavities. Such scans are essential for monitoring tumors as well as other conditions of the chest area before, during, and after treatment.
Reasons for CT scan of the Chest
The chest region contains vital organs of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, plus the esophagus, which includes the hollow tube of muscle that extends from below the tongue to the stomach. For this reason, a chest CT scan can be used to assess the chest and the organs of the chest for tumors and other injuries, lesions, infections, bleeding, obstructions, unexplained chest pains, intrathoracic bleeding, as well as many other conditions, especially when the other forms of diagnosis and examination have proved ineffective (such as physical examinations and standard x-rays).
The CT scan performed of the chest can also be used for evaluating the effect of the various forms of treatment for thoracic tumors. Another use is offering guidance for biopsies or aspiration of the tissues located in the chest. Keep in mind that the doctor can recommend a CT scan for a variety of reasons, and it is best to trust his expertise.
Risk involved in CT scans
It is a good idea to ask your doctor amount of radiation that they use during the CT scan procedure as well as the risks involved when it comes to your particular situation. You may also want to keep an updated record of the previous history of exposure to radiation, including other previous CT scans, and other forms of x-rays so that you can inform your doctor before the procedure commences. The risks associated with radiation exposure are usually related to the cumulative amount of x-ray examinations and treatments over a period of time.
If you are actually pregnant, or you suspect that you are pregnant, it’s always good to inform your doctor. Exposing your body to radiation during pregnancy poses a risk for birth defects. When a contrast is used during the procedure, there is a risk for developing allergic reactions. In this case, let your doctor know if you have had an allergic reaction to any of the contrast media or any form of kidney problems. Reported seafood allergies are not considered contradictions to the iodinated contrast.
For patients with any form of kidney failure or kidney problems, be sure to notify the doctor. The reason for this is that sometimes the contrast media might cause kidney failure, especially for patients that are dehydrated or have underlying kidney problems. Patients who are currently under the diabetes prescription called metformin (Glucophage) or any of its derivatives, some forms of contrast poses a risk of a condition referred to as metabolic acidosis, which is a dangerous change to the blood pH.
There are several other risks that may arise depending on the particular state of your health. In this case, be sure to have a talk with your doctor and discuss all the concerns that you might have prior to the CT scan procedure.
Other conditions or factors might interfere with the accuracy of chest CT scans. Such factors include the following:
Body Piercings on the chest
Metallic objects placed within the chest like a pacemaker and surgical clips
Barium in the esophagus from a recent barium examination
Preparation for a CT scan
In John Hopkins radiology center, patients who are yet to undergo a computed tomography angiography (CTA) scan are given a basic set of instructions when they make the appointment.
Precautions
Should you be pregnant or suspect that you might be pregnant, please consult your doctor before you schedule your scan. Other options available for you will be discussed between you and your doctor.
Clothing
For clothing, keep in mind that you might be asked to change into an official patient gown. If this is the case, a gown will be provided to you. In addition, a locker will be assigned to ensure that your personal belongings are secured. Be sure to remove any form of piercings and leave all your valuables and jewelry at home.
Contrast Media
Most CT scans are usually done without a contrast media. The role of a contrast media is to improve the ability of the radiologist to view the images of the internal organs of the body.
Allergies
Make sure you inform the access center representatives if you have previously had any allergic reactions to contrast media, when you schedule the CT scan. Contrast IV will may not be administered to you if you have had an anaphylactic reaction in the past to any contrast media. If your allergy was mild and moderate during the previous use of contrast, then some medication will be administered prior to the chest CT scan. All of these plans will have to be discussed to you in detail in your appointment with our doctors for the exam. However, any known reactions to contrast media must be reported and discussed with your personal physician.
Food
You can eat and drink normally and even take your prescribed medications if your doctor decided to go with a CT scan without contrast. However, if your doctor ordered a CT scan with contrast, you are not supposed to eat and/or drink anything 3 hours prior to CT scan. Only clear liquids should be taken, and you may still take your prescribed medicine prior to the scan.
Diabetics
If you are a diabetic, you should eat a light meal three hours prior to the exam’s scheduled time. You might be asked to pause the use of medication for 48 hours after the scan, depending on the type of medication you use. At John Hopkins radiology center, you will be given detailed information on how to go about this, following your exam.
Medications
All patients may take the various forms of prescribed medicine as usual.
Don’t forget that based on your medical condition, the doctor might request a more specific preparation, which will be availed to you in detail.
CT scan Details: Procedure
CT scans can be performed on an outpatient basis and even as part of your stay in the hospital’s premises. The procedure will vary depending on the condition as well as the preferential aspects of your physician.
You might be asked to change into the patients’ gown, and this will be offered to you. In addition, a secure locker will be assigned to you where you can keep all of your personal items. Again, be sure to remove any forms of piercings and leave any valuables such as jewelry at home.
If your procedure involves the use of contrast, an intravenous (IV) line I started in the arm or hand for injection of the media. For the orally administered contrast, you will essentially be given a specially prepared liquid contrast preparation that you need to swallow. In some cases, the contrast can be given rectally.
Next, you will lie on the scan table, which slides into the large circular opening of the CT scanning machine. For comfort and preventing movement during the procedure, pillows and straps might be used. A technologist will be in the other room where the controls for the scanner are located. Nonetheless, you will be in a constant sight of the technologist via a window. You can communicate with the technologist via the speakers located inside the scanner. You also have a call button at your comfort to let them know if you are experiencing any problems as the procedure occurs. The technologist should be in constant communication with you, as they watch you every step of the procedure.
While the scanner starts to rotate around you, x-ray beams will be passing through the body for some amount of time. There are clicking sounds, which are very normal. The rays absorbed by your body tissue can be detected by the machine, and will be transmitted to the computer. This data will be translated into an image, and the radiologist can interpret it. More importantly, be sure to remain still throughout the procedure. You may also be asked to hold your breath several times during the procedure.
Contrast media may make you feel some effects when it is injected into the (IV) line. Such effects include a salty and metallic taste in your mouth, a flushing sensation, nausea or even vomiting, and a brief headache. The effects usually last for a short amount of time. Alert the technologist should you feel any form of breathing difficulties, numbness, sweating, or heart palpitations during the procedure.
Although the CT scan is not painful, the need to lie still for the entire procedure can be uncomfortable and even cause some pain, especially if you previously had an invasive procedure such as surgery or even an injury. In this case, the technologist will use all comfort measures possible and complete the procedure as quick as possible to minimize pain or discomfort.
How to prepare for a chest scan
You should ideally wear loose fitting, comfortable clothing as you go to your exam. Before the procedure starts, you may be given a gown to wear.
Any metal objects including things like dentures, jewelry, hair pins, eyeglasses, etc. may affect the CT images and should therefore be removed before your exam or left at home altogether. You might also be asked to remove any removable dental work and hearing aids. If possible, you may be asked to remove any piercings. Women might also be asked to remove bras that contain metal underwire.
You will also be asked in advance not to drink or eat anything several hours beforehand, particularly if your exam involves the use of a contrast material. Make sure that you inform your doctor of any medications that you’re taking, and any allergies you might have. In case you have any known allergies to contrast dyes or material, your physician might prescribe some medications (mostly a steroid) to minimize the risk of developing an allergic reaction. You should take the medications as instructed, typically 12 hours before the administration of the contrast material. To prevent unnecessary delays, be sure to contact your physician before the exact time of the exam.
Don’t forget to let your doctor know any recent medical conditions or illnesses and whether you have a history of asthma, heart disease, kidney disease, diabetes, or thyroid problems. Any of these conditions will increase the risk of developing an unusual adverse effect. Your radiologists should also know if you have multiple myeloma, asthma, or any other disorder of the heart, thyroid gland, or kidneys, or if you have diabetes; especially if you’re taking Glucophage.
For women, you should always inform your CT technologist and your physician if there is any possibility that you may be pregnant.
What to expect
What does the equipment to look like?
The CT scanner is a distinctly shaped, large, boxlike machine short tunnel or hole at its center. You’ll lie down on a special, narrow examination table which slides in and out of the tunnel. The x-ray tube and an electronic x-ray detector will be rotating around you, and are located on opposite sides of each other in a ring-like structure called a Gantry.
In a separate room will be the computer workstation that processes the imaging information, and it’s where the technologist will be operating the scanner. The technologist will also be monitoring your examination in a direct visual contact and will in most cases be able to talk to you and hear you using a speaker and microphone.
How the procedure works
In a lot of ways, CT scanning works quite similarly to other x-ray examinations. Different parts of the body will absorb varying degrees of x-rays. This crucial difference in absorption rates allows body parts to be distinguished from each other on a CT electronic image or x-ray film.
Conventional x-ray exams have a small amount of https://ubidmri.com/contact/ radiation aimed at and passed through the target body part being examined, then an image is recorded on a special electronic image recording plate. On the x-ray, bones will appear white; soft tissue including organs like the liver or heart will show up in shades of grey; air appears black.
With CT scanning, a number of x-ray beams coupled with a set of x-ray detectors (electronic) rotate around you. In the process, they’ll measure the amount of radiation that’s absorbed in different parts of your body. At times, the examination table will move during the scan to ensure that the x-ray beam takes a spiral path. A specialized computer software is then used to process the large volume of data to create a 2-D cross-sectional images of your body, and then display them on a monitor.
You can think of CT imaging as observing a loaf of bread by first cutting it into many thin slices, such that when the image slices are reassembled through the computer software, the result into a very detailed multidimensional view of the loaf’s interior.
Recent advancements in refinements in detector technology allow almost all the modern CT scanners to get multiple image slices in just a single rotation. Such scanners are referred to as multi-detector CT or multi-slice CT, and allow for thinner image slices to be obtained in very short amount of time, which results into additional view capabilities and more detail.
The more modern CT scanners are so fast that they only need a few seconds to scan through large sections of your body. They’re even faster in small children. Such amounts of speeds are beneficial to all patients, but more so children, the critically ill, and the elderly, all of whom might have difficulty staying still, even for the brief amount of time required for images to be taken. The CT scanner technique can be adjusted for children to fit their size and area of interest, and minimize the dose of radiation.
Some CT exams may require the use of a contrast material to enhance the visibility of the area of interest.
CT scanning procedure
The technologist starts by positioning the patient on the CT examination table, often lying flat on their back. Pillows and straps might be used to help a patient maintain the correct posture and position as well as help them remain still during the exam.
Most scanners are fast enough to scan children without the need for sedation. In some special cases, the use of sedation may be required if the child cannot hold still. This is because motion leads to blurring of the image and degrades the quality of the examination, just as it affects conventional photographs.
Depending on the type of exam, if a contrast material is to be used, it’s either swallowed or injected via an intravenous line (IV). In some rare cases, it may also be administered by enema. Next, the table moves quickly through the scanner to find the correct position to start the scan. The table then moves slowly into the machine for the CT scanning to start. Based on the kind of CT scan required, the machine might take several passes.
You might be asked to momentarily hold your breath as the scan is performed. Any type of motion, whether body movements or breathing can cause artefacts on the final image. Such degradation of image quality resembles the blurring you will see on a photograph of a moving object.
Once the examination is complete, you’ll have to wait for a few minutes for the technologist to verify that the taken images are of high quality, enough for accurate interpretation. A head CT scan is usually completed within 10 minutes.
What can I expect to happen during and following the procedure?
In general, CT exams are easy, fast and painless. Using multidetector CT reduces how long a patient must lie still.
Although no pain is caused by the actual scanning process, needing to lie still for several minutes might result in some discomfort. The CT exam might be stressful for you, if you have chronic pain, are claustrophobic or have difficulty staying still. The nurse or technologist, under a physician’s direction, might offer some medication to you to help make the CT scanning procedure more tolerable.
If there is any intravenous contrast material utilized, you will feel a pinprick sensation when the needle gets inserted inside of your vein. Most likely you will have a flushed, warm sensation while the contrast materials are being injected and there will be a metallic taste inside of your mouth that will last for one to two minutes at most. You might have the feeling that you need to urinate; however, that will subside quickly and is a contrast effect.
After you have entered the CT scanner, there might be special light lines projected onto your body. These are used to make sure your body is positioned properly. With a modern CT scanner, all you will hear are slight whirring, clicking and buzzing noises as the internal parts of the CT scanner, which usually are not visible to you, are revolving around you throughout the imaging process.
During your CT scan, you will be alone inside of the exam room, unless it is a special situation. For example, at times, a parent who has a lead shield on might remain with their child in the room. However, the technologist can hear, see, and speak to use through the built-in intercom system at all times.
A parent might be allowed inside of the room with a pediatric patient but will have to wear a lead apron so that radiation exposure is minimized.
After the CT exam is complete, the technologist will remove the intravenous line that was used for injecting the contrast material, and a small dressing will be placed over the tiny hole that the needle made to cover it. You can then resume your regular activities.
Who interprets my exam results and how will I receive them?
A radiologist who has expertise
About MRI Scans Of The Body
All You Need To Know About MRI Of The Body
A magnetic resonance imaging of the body is a test that utilizes a powerful magnetic field with radio waves and a computer to produce detailed images of the inside of an individual’s body. The test is also known as an MRI and can be used to assist with the diagnosis or monitoring of treat for a plethora of conditions within the abdomen, chest and pelvis. If you are pregnant, an MRI of the body can be used to safely monitor the state of the baby.
It is essential that you inform the doctor of any health conditions, recent surgeries, allergies or possibility of pregnancy before undergoing an MRI. While the magnetic field is not a harmful area, it may result in medical devices malfunctioning. The majority of orthopedic implants do not pose a risk, but it is always more beneficial to inform the technologist if you have any metal devices or implants in your body. It is recommended that you leave jewelry at home and wear comfortable, loose clothing. Some facilities require the individual to change into a gown.
Guidelines regarding eating and drinking between the MRI examinations will vary between facilities and, unless you are told otherwise, it is recommended that you continue taking medication as per usual if necessary. If you suffer from anxiety or claustrophobia, it may be worthwhile speaking with your doctor about using a mild sedative before the examination. This could help make the experience less stressful.
What Is The MRI Of The Body?
The magnetic resonance imaging test, also known as MRI, is a non-invasive procedure used by physicians to diagnose certain medical conditions. The procedure utilizes a powerful magnetic field with radio frequency pulses and a computer producing detailed images of soft tissues, organs, bones and all other internal bodily structures or systems. It must be noted that the magnetic resonance imaging test does not use any ionizing radiation.
A detailed MRI image is beneficial for patients because it allows doctors to evaluate the different parts of a body and identify the presence of any medical conditions. The images can be examined on a computer screen, transmitted electronically and printed or copied to a disc or uploaded to a digital server.
What Are The Typical Uses Of The MRI?
An MRI of the body is typically used to evaluate the organs of the abdomen and chest including the liver, the heart, the kidneys, the biliary tract, the spleen, the pancreas, the bowels and the adrenal glands. It also examines organs of the pelvis including the reproductive organs – uterus and ovaries in females and prostate in males – and the bladder. Further uses include evaluation of the blood vessels and the lymph nodes.
Medical professionals will also utilize magnetic resonance imaging to assist with the diagnosis or monitoring treatment of specific medical conditions. The most common conditions examined include tumors in the chest, pelvis and abdomen, heart problems, diseases of the liver, inflammatory bowel disease, malformations of the blood vessels or inflammation of the blood vessels, and a fetus in the womb of a pregnant female.
How Can I Prepare For The MRI Procedure?
It is typical that you will be asked to wear a hospital gown during the MRI procedure; however, you may be allowed to wear your own clothing if it is suitable – does not have any metal fasteners or clips and is loose.
As is mentioned above, the guidelines regarding drinking and eating before an MRI examination will vary according to the facility and the date of the procedure. Unless you are informed otherwise, it is recommended that you continue with your daily consumption routine eating food and taking medication as usual.
While some MRI procedures will require you to receive an injection of contrast material into the bloodstream, it is important that the radiologist, technologist or nurse administrating the injection ask about allergies of any kind. It is important that you make the team aware of allergies to iodine or x-ray contrast material, different foods, pharmaceuticals, environmental substances and if you have asthma.
The contrast material typically used in magnetic resonance imaging procedures contains a metal known as gadolinium. This metal can be used in most patients regardless of allergies, for example patients with an iodine contrast allergy. Furthermore, it is less likely for a patient to present with an allergy to gadolinium-based contrast materials than an iodine-based contrast material often used for CT scans. However, it is still important that allergies are checked and identify whether or not the patient has an allergy to gadolinium contrast. Patient consent will be requested in this situation. For more information regarding adverse reactions to different gadolinium-based contrast materials, check the ACR Manual on Contrast Media.
It is also highly recommended that the radiographer is informed of any serious health conditions or if you have experienced any recent surgeries. Certain medical conditions, such as severe kidney disease, can prevent you from receiving a gadolinium-based contrast material injection for the MRI procedure. If you present with a history of kidney disease or have been the recipient of a liver transplant, it is necessary to performance a blood test first to identify whether or not your kidneys are functioning at an adequate level to undergo an MRI for the body.
Women should always inform the medical staff (physicians and technologists) of a possibility that they are pregnant. The magnetic resonance imaging test has been utilized since the 1980s to scan patients with no reports of damage caused to pregnant women and their unborn children; however, this does not mean there is no risk of adverse effects to the unborn baby. Due to the fact that the unborn child will be placed in a strong magnetic field, it is recommended that the pregnant female does not undergo an MRI in the first trimester of her pregnancy unless the benefits of the examination outweigh the risks. A pregnant female should not receive any injections of gadolinium-based contrast material except if absolutely necessary for medical procedures. For more information on pregnancy and MRI, see the MRI safety page.
If you suffer from a fear of small and enclosed areas, also known as claustrophobia, or anxiety, it may be beneficial to speak with your doctor about a prescription for a sedative before the MRI procedure. This will help make the scheduled examination less stressful and more manageable.
It is essential that jewelry and all other accessories are left at home, if possible, and removed before attending the MRI examination. This is necessary because jewelry and other metal accessories can influence the magnetic field of the MRI unit interfering with the examination. In addition to adversely affecting the magnetic field and MRI images, the metal objects can become dangerous items within the MRI scanning room and can act as projectiles placing you and others at risk of harm. The items that should be removed and left at home include jewelry, watches, credit cards, hearing aids, hair pins, pins, metal zippers and other metallic items. It is also recommended that you remove all dental work, eyeglasses, pens, pocket knives and body piercings.
In the majority of cases, a magnetic resonance imaging procedure is safe for patients with metal implants; however, there are certain types of implants that cannot be scanned and these people should not consider entering the MRI scanning area. Individuals with cochlear or ear implants, implant clips for brain aneurysms, metal coil implants in blood vessels, pacemakers and all other types of cardiac defibrillator implants should avoid MRI procedures.
It is essential that you inform the radiographer or technologist of any electronic or medical devices implanted in your body. The object may interfere with the procedure and can, in some cases, pose a risk of harm to you and others in the room. This is dependent on the nature of the implant and the strength of the MRI scanning magnet.
The majority of devices will have pamphlets explaining MRI risks for that particular implant and if you have this type of pamphlet; it may be beneficial to inform the scheduler when making an appointment for an MRI. It is also recommended you bring the pamphlet to the MRI scan in case the technologist or radiographer has any concerns or queries. Certain implanted devices will require a period of time after placement before any other procedures can be conducted, particularly the MRI examination. The typical time is six weeks and some examples of these devices include, but are not limited to, implanted drug infusion ports, artificial heart valves, artificial limbs or joint prostheses, and implanted nerve stimulators.
If there are any concerns regarding the presence of a metal implant, it is possible to perform an x-ray to detect and identify the object. Typically, a metal object used in orthopedic surgery will pose no risk for magnetic resonance imaging; however, recently placed artificial joints could be problematic and may require a different types of imaging procedure.
A patient who may have metal objects in certain parts of his or her body may require an x-ray before undergoing an MRI examination. It is recommended that you notify the medical staff of any bullets, shrapnel or other metal debris or items that may be lodged in your body due to accidents. Any foreign objects near or in the eyes are of particular significant because they can move during the MRI scan, potentially resulting in blindness. Contrary to belief, tooth fillings and braces are not influenced by the magnetic field but they may distort the images of the facial area, so it is worthwhile informing your radiographer of these. Furthermore, dyes in tattoos can contain iron which may heat up during an MRI procedure, although this is rare.
Young children and infants will often require some form of sedation when undergoing a magnetic resonance imaging scan. To determine if the child requires anesthesia will depend on the age of the child, the child’s intellectual development and the type of examination. A moderate and conscious sedation is available at the majority of facilities and physicians specializing in sedation of children should be available to monitor the patient during the procedure. Special instructions for adequate preparation of the child can be received from the facility.
Alternatively, specific pediatric medical facilities have child life personnel who work with young children helping them avoid the need for sedation during an MRI scan. The personnel will prepare the children for the scan by demonstrating the procedure using a dummy scanner and playing noises the child may hear during the examination. The professionals will also answer any questions the child has and can explain the scan thoroughly relieving anxiety before the procedure takes place. Certain pediatric facilities also offer headsets or goggles for the children allowing them to watch a film while the scan is being conducted.
What Does The MRI Equipment Look Like?
The traditional MRI equipment involves a large cylindrical tube surrounded by circular magnets. The patient lies on the moveable examination table which slides into the center of the cylindrical tube.
Some MRI units have been designed so that the circular magnet does not surround the tube entirely. This type of unit is known as a short-bore system and presents with a larger diameter making it comfortable for larger patients or patients with claustrophobia. The machines are open on the sides and can provide very high quality of MRI scans.
The computer workstation processing the imaging information is located outside of this magnetic range within a separate room from the scanning equipment.
How Is An MRI Of The Body Performed?
MRI scans could be performed on inpatients as well as outpatients. The patient is positioned on a moveable examination table for this purpose. Straps are used to maintain the correct position and keep the patient still during the procedure. Devices that are capable of sending and receiving radio waves are placed adjacent to the study area of the patient’s body to perform the scan. Sometimes, a contrast material is used during the scan. Under such circumstances, a doctor or a technician would insert an intravenous catheter (IV) or IV line into a vein in the patient’s hand or arm. In fact, a saline solution is used to inject the contrast material. This solution will drip through the IV until the contrast material is injected.
The patient is then placed on the magnet of the MRI scanner. The technician will perform the scan – he or she would be working at a computer outside the room. If there is a necessity of injecting a contrast material, it would be injected into the IV line after the initial scans. Another series of images will be taken after the injection.
Once the initial scans are completed, the technician will request the patient to wait a while until he or she checks the scans. If additional images are not required, the IV line would be removed. Most of the time, MRI scans are conducted in multiple runs or sequences. The process may last for several minutes at times. The entire process may take between 30-50 minutes depending on the equipment used and the type of scan.
What Will The Patient Experience During And After The Procedure?
Although some patients may find it uncomfortable to be still during the procedure, most MRI scans are painless. There are some patients who have complained of having a feeling of being closed-in (claustrophobia) during the scan. If the patient feels anxious, the doctor may recommend appropriate sedation. But only fewer than one in 20 patients require such arrangements.
The area of the body that is being imaged can feel a bit warm during the scan. It rarely bothers the patient. If it bothers you, you should bring it to the notice of the technician. The patient needs to remain perfectly still during the process. The process is only a few seconds or a few minutes at a time. You may hear and feel loud thumping or tapping sounds when the coils of the unit are activated. That way you know the scanning process has begun. The patient may be given earplugs or headphones to reduce the intensity of the sounds made by the scanner. You can relax while the process goes on. But you should not move about when the process is being conducted. Movements can interfere with the accuracy of the scan.
Although you would be alone in the exam room during the MRI procedure, the technician can see, hear or speak with you using a two-way intercom. Most MRI centers allow a relative or friend to stay with the patient. But they should be screened for safety in the magnetic environment before getting the green light to stay.
Children are given earplugs and headphones during a scan procedure. The exam room is well-lit and air conditioned. Most of the time, music is played through the headphones to allow the patient to relax and pass the time. When IV lines are used during the scanning process, the needle may cause some bruising and discomfort. Some patients have complained of a slight irritation at the site of the IV tube insertion. But this is very rare. Most patients tend to feel a metallic taste in their mouths once the contrast injection is inserted.
Patients who don’t need any sedation can resume their normal diets and activities soon after the scanning procedure. There is no recovery period for such patients. There were very few instances where patients have complained of side effects such as nausea, pain at the site of the injection, and headaches from the contrast material. A small percentage of patients have complained of allergies to the contrast material such as itchy eyes, hives, and other reactions. If you experience such symptoms, you should notify the technician immediately. A physician will be available for immediate assistance under such circumstances.
How Will I Get To Know The Results? Who Interprets Them?
A physician, radiologist, or a trained technician can interpret the results of a radiology examination. They will send a sized report to your primary care physician who will share the results with you. If a follow-up examination is required, your family doctor will tell you why you need such a scan. Most of the time, a follow-up MRI scan is performed due to a potential abnormality requiring further evaluation with additional views. A follow-up image may also be required to see if there are any changes in the know abnormality over time. That is the best way to see how effective the treatments are and if the condition becomes stable over time.
The Benefits And Risks Of An MRI
Benefits –
. An MRI scan is a non-invasive imaging technique that doesn’t involve any exposure to ionizing radiation.
. MRI scans help get a better understanding of the soft tissue structures of the body such as the liver, heart, and other important organs. These images are important to identify certain diseases more accurately compared to other imaging methods. That is why an MRI is an invaluable tool in the early diagnosis of numerous tumors and focal lesions.
. MRI scans help diagnose a broad range of conditions such as cancer, bone diseases, muscular diseases, and heart diseases. These scans can easily identify most of the abnormalities in the important organs of the body that might have been obscured by the bone structure with other imaging techniques.
. MRI scans help the physician assess the biliary system without any contrast injections and surgery. On the other hand, the contrast used in the process is less likely to produce any allergic reaction compared to iodine based materials used for traditional x-rays and CT scanning.
. MRI is a non-invasive alternative to angiography, x-ray, and CT scanning for diagnosing issues in the heart and blood vessels.
Risks –
. The process doesn’t have any risk to the average patient when safety guidelines are properly followed. There is a risk of excessive sedation when sedation is used for the procedure. But the technologist or nurse will monitor the vital signs of the patient to minimize any risk.
. Even though the strong magnetic field in the MRI scanner is not harmful by itself, the implanted medical devices that contain metal can malfunction and cause issues during the procedure.
. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis is a rare side effect that is caused by the injection of high doses of gadolinium-based contrast material in patients who are suffering from kidney failure. Careful assessment of the kidney functions of the patient before injecting the contrast material will minimize such a risk.
. Allergic reactions to the contrast materials were noted in some patients. These reactions and mild and could be controlled with a mild medication. The physician or technician should be available for immediate assistance if you experience such reactions.
. Manufacturers of IV lines have indicated that mothers should not breastfeed their babies for 48 hours after the contrast material is given. But the European Society of Urogenital Radiology and the ACR – American College of Radiology – says that it is safe to continue to breastfeed the baby after receiving the contrast.
Limitations Of MRI Of The Body
The quality of the image may depend on the stillness of the patient. He or she should follow the breath-holding instructions provided by the technician for high-quality images from the process. If the patient is anxious or in https://ubidmri.com/about-mri-scans-of-the-body severe pain, the quality of the image can suffer. On the other hand, a very large person may not fit into the opening of certain types of MRI scanners.
Patients with implants and other metallic objects may not give a quality image. An irregular heartbeat may affect the quality of the scan when electrocardiography (EKG) are taken.
Breathing can cause image distortions during an MRI of the chest, pelvis or abdomen. But these issues could be minimized with the latest state-of-the-art scanners.
Pregnant women are advised to stay away from MRI scans during the first trimester unless it is mandatory. But there is no evidence to prove that magnetic resonance imaging harms the fetus. MRI scans will always not distinguish between cancer tissues and edema. The process may cost more and take more time to complete than other imaging techniques.
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About MRI Scans Of The Head
MRI Of The Head
Magnetic Resonance Imaging – better known as MRI – of the head is the head imaging technique that makes use of the radio-frequency waves, powerful magnetic fields, and advanced computer image processing to produce a detailed image of the brain and the cranial structures. With the aid of a contrast material, usually, gadolinium, MRI is capable of producing better images bearing more details than any other imaging method in use today. Additionally, the sharpness of the images is achieved without the use of ionizing radiation, which improves the safety of the procedure considerably.
However, despite being inherently safer than other imaging techniques in use today, patients looking to undergo MRI scanning of their heads should divulge any and every relevant medical information that may affect the procedure or their health.as such, patients should provide their doctors with information about recent surgeries, any prevailing health issues, as well as any allergies they may have.
The magnetic fields in use are quite harmless. However, they may affect the efficiency and functionality of some medical implants. With this in mind, even though the vast majority of orthopedic implants may not be affected, patients are best advised to divulge information regarding their presence.
Another benefit of using MRI is that even though the imaging technique is quite robust and developed, it does not necessarily need patients to change their routines. For instance, typically, patients do not have to change their diets or medications prior to having an MRI. Thus unless specifically given instructions by your doctor regarding eating, drinking, and taking medicine, one does not have to change anything. This bodes well with regular living as patients do not have to change their daily routines. The only thing they are asked to do is to wear loose fitting, comfortable clothes that are devoid of any metal as well avoid taking any jewelry to the MRI scanning session.
Understanding MRI Of The Head
MRI is simply a noninvasive medical test that is used to diagnose ailment affecting the head. As mentioned above, the imaging process is achieved by using a combination of strong magnetic fields and radio waves, while advanced computer image processing is used to develop a detailed picture of the parts of the brain that are of interest. This imaging technical is particularly adept in producing detailed pictures of the soft tissues, organs, and bones. Thus, it can be used to intricately understand the body part of interest. In fact, MRI is the most sensitive imaging technology we have today.
Obviously, doctors can develop hard copies of the detailed images of the part of the head that is of interest. However, the images can also be monitored on a computer screen, transmitted from the lab to the doctor’s office electronically, copied to a CD for storage or upload to the cloud for storage and transmission. As you can appreciate, MRI scans are quite versatile to use.
Uses Of The MRI Imaging Technology
MRI as an imaging technology can and has been used to diagnose long-standing as well as abrupt ailments affecting the head, including but not limited to:
1. Brain Tumors
2. Stroke
3. Infections in the head
4. Causes of epilepsy
5. Hemorrhage in some trauma patients
6. Anomalies in development
7. Pituitary gland disorders
8. Hydrocephalus
9. Multiple sclerosis and other conditions
10. Inner ear and eye disorders, and
11. Vascular ailments.
Preparing For MRI
As mentioned above, there is not a lot of preparation required before going for an MRI examination. The main thing that the patient has to do is to wear proper clothing (loose comfortable clothes) with no metal. However, some technicians will require the patient to wear a medical gown. With regards to drinking and eating, patients can typically maintain their eating routine as long as it entails a healthy diet. However, for some specific examinations, and eating, drinking, and medication routine will be recommended to the patient by the technologist or by the doctor.
Determining Whether The Patients Has Any Pre-Existing Condition
Right before going in for the examination, the nurse, radiologist, or technologists typically asks the patient about allergies to certain contrasting material environments, food, drugs, or contrasting material. Additionally, they are supposed to enquire about any pre-existing condition that may affect the examination including whether you have asthma and whether you are claustrophobic. In the instance that a patient is claustrophobic or suffering from anxiety disorders, a mild sedative is usually given right before the examination.
As mentioned before, it is important for patients to divulge any relevant medical information relating to health issues that they may have. However, the nurse, technologist, or radiologist will enquire about any health issues. For instance, he or she may enquire whether you have a history of suffering from kidney diseases or any liver-related issue such as a liver transplant. If you have a history of these sought of health issues, further study will be required to ensure that your kidneys and liver are performing fine.
Determining The Risk Associated With Any Medical Implants
Typically technologist will also be interested in finding out whether you have any medical devices installed in your body. The implanted devices may interfere with the examination, although this is dependent on the nature of the examination and the strength of the magnetic fields that will be used. Nonetheless, it is important for the radiologist to understand the risk associated with implanted devices. To this end, patients are encouraged to carry with them the pamphlet given to explain the risk associated with MRI examination. The information on the pamphlet makes it easy for the doctors and the radiologist to determine the risk levels and whether the risk associated can be mitigated. Some of the medical implants that are of interest to the radiologist include:
1. Implanted drug infusion ports
2. Artificial heart valves
3. Implanted nerve stimulators
4. Implanted screws, pins, stents, or staples
5. Implanted joint prostheses, or artificial limbs.
For the most part, MRI can be performed on patients with medical implants in a safe yet efficient manner. However, the following patients should not enter the MRI room, let alone undergo an MRI scan:
1. Patients with pacemakers or cardiac defibrillators
2. Patients with medical clips in their brains
3. Patients with metal coils in their blood vessels
4. Patients with ear/cochlear implants.
Determining Whether There Are Any Metal Foreign Objects In The Patient
It is not just medical implants that are of interest to the radiologist. He or she is also interested in finding out whether you have any foreign object in your body, especially of metallic nature as they may affect the MRI examination. To this end, radiologists usually make a point of finding out whether their patients have foreign materials such as bullets, shrapnel, or any other kind of piece of metal in the bodies.
Aside from affecting the examination and distorting resulting, the metal is prone to movements while undergoing examination due to the strong magnetic field. As such, foreign metal objects need to be accounted for and the risk associated with their presence determines. This is especially important when the object is near sensitive organs such as the eyes.
The risk associated with having tooth fillings and tattoos also need to be determined. Tattoos with metal-based (iron-based) inks may heat up when exposed to a strong enough magnetic field.
As for tooth fillings, their presence is usually a non-issue. However, they may affect the accuracy of the image of the brain of facial parts by distorting the magnetic field. It is thus important for the radiologist to know that they are present.
MRI And The Pregnancy Issue
Moreover, for women, the issue of pregnancy is a concern to the radiologists and as such, he or she will inquire about it. Even though MRI has been used extensively in the past on pregnant women (since 1984), no reports of ill-effects on pregnant women and their unborn children have been recorded. Nonetheless, precaution dictates that pregnant women should not receive MRI examination in the first three to four months of their pregnancies. The reason behind this is to reduce exposure of the unborn child to the strong magnetic fields. Additionally, pregnant women should not receive gadolinium treatment. As such, for pregnant mothers, MRI examination should be conducted only in the event where the benefits of the examination outweigh the cons.
After establishing your suitability for examination, the patient is injected with a contrasting material that will not affect them. In the event a patient has an allergy to the iodine-based contrasting material, gadolinium is usually used as the alternative. It is by far, less common for people to be allergic to gadolinium-based contrasting material that iodine-based material. And when one is allergic to both kids of contrasting materials, pre-medication treatment under the patient’s consent allows gadolinium to be used.
MRI Equipment
The more traditional MRI units bear a cylinder-shaped tube, with the surrounding wall being containing the magnet. Patients the lie on a motorized table where they can be inserted and removed from the MRI machine automatically. The new MRI machines tend to have a larger bore, which improves the comfort of the patients, especially those who are claustrophobic.
The short-bore MRI machine tend are designed to not have the magnet completely surrounding the patients. The Open MRI machines are designed to be open on one side. This variety of MRI unit is perfect for claustrophobic individuals as well as individuals who are large. While traditionally the Open MRI has not been quite powerful as the conventional MRI machine, advancements in technology have enabled it to attain improved accuracy.
Every MRI unit has a workstation from which the radiologist controls the machine while at the same time monitoring the imaging progress.
The MRI Procedure
The unique bit of MRI machines is that they do not make use of ionizing radiation much the same like X-rays and Computed tomography does. MIR uses radio-frequency pulses to realign the hydrogen atoms that our bodies have, all the while not causing any chemical change in our tissues.
While the hydrogen atoms align themselves to their original state, they emit different levels of energy. The variation in the level of energy emitted depends on the type of tissues emitting the energy. The MR scanner thus picks up the emitted energy and uses the variation in energy levels to create an image of the tissues involved.
In the MRI unit, an electric current is passed through wire coils which create the magnetic field required. Other coils in the unit are designed to emit and receive radio waves. The computer thereafter processes the image of the signals received, thus forming an image of a thin slice of the head.
How is an MRI Examination Performed?
MRI examinations can be performed on inpatients and outpatients. The patient is usually positioned on a movable examination table. Bolsters and straps are sometime used to ensure that patients remain still and maintain proper positioning while imaging is underway.
Devices containing coils that can send and receive radio waves are placed either adjacent or around the area under examination. If the MRI is for the head, a device is positioned around the head.
If the MRI examinations requires the use of a contrast material, a technologist, nurse, or physician inserts an intravenous catheter (IV line), into a vein in the patient’s arm or hand. A saline solution is sometimes used to inject contrast material. This saline solution drips through the IV to ensure that the IV catheter does not block before the completion of the injection of the contrast material.
The patient is placed into the MRI unit’s magnet where the technologist and radiologist perform the exam while working at a computer situated outside the MRI room.
Once the exam is complete, the patient may be asked to wait while the radiologist or technician checks the images to see whether any additional images are required. The intravenous line is then removed.
MRI examinations usually involve several runs or sequences that may last for several minutes. It takes an average of 45 minutes for the entire examination to be completed.
The MRI examination, an additional procedure known as MR spectroscopy that provides additional information on the chemicals found in the cells of the body may also be performed and can add about 15 minutes to the total examination time.
What Can Patients Expect During and After the MRI?
MRI examinations are generally painless, but remaining still while the procedure is underway is uncomfortable for some patients. Other patients experience claustrophobia (fear of being in enclosed spaces) while in the MRI scanner. Sedation can thus be arranged for patients that anticipate anxiety but less than 5 percent of cases require medication.
It is perfectly normal for the area being imaged to feel a bit warm. However, if it becomes too much of a bother, the patient should notify the technologist or radiologist. Patients should stay perfectly still while the imaging is underway, which is usually just a couple of seconds to a couple of minutes at a time. Patients know when the recording of images is underway since they will feel loud thumping or tapping sounds when the activation of the coils generating the radiofrequency pulses happens. Some facilities provide headphones while others provide earplugs to reduce the intensity of the sounds the MRI machine makes. Patients can relax between imaging sessions, but will be required to maintain their positions without movement as much as possible.
Patients are usually alone in the exam room while the MRI procedure is underway. However, technologists are still able to hear, see, and speak to patients using a 2-way intercom. MRI facilities usually allow parents or friends to stay in the room as long as they are screened for safety in the magnetic environment.
During the exam, children are usually given appropriately sized headphones or earplugs. MRI scanners are well-lit and air-conditioned. Music can be played through headphones to help patients pass the time.
Intravenous injection of contrast material is sometimes administered prior to capturing of the images. The intravenous needle may be the source of some discomfort once inserted and the patient may experience some bruising. Patients may also experience irritation of the skin at the point of insertion of the IV tube. Other patients may experience a metallic taste in their mouths once the contrast has been injected, but it is just temporary.
No recovery period is needed if sedation is not necessary. Patients can resume their usual diet and activities once the exam is complete. On some rare occasions, patients might experience side effects from the contrast material, including headache, nausea, and pain at the injection site. Patients allergic to the contrast material may experience itchy eyes, hives, or other side effects. Patients that experience allergic symptoms should notify the technologist, radiologist, or any other health practitioner available for immediate assistance.
Who is Responsible for Interpreting Results and How Does the Patient Get Them?
Supervision and interpretation of radiology examinations is done either a radiologist or a specifically trained physician. It is also his or her responsibility to analyze those images and send a signed report to the patients referring or primary care physician that will then share those results with the patient.
Follow-up exams may be required. The doctor provides reasons for requesting additional examinations. Follow-up exams are sometimes done because further evaluation with a special imaging technique or additional views is required for a potential abnormality. Follow-up exams are sometimes the best way to determine whether treatment is working or whether a finding changes over time or is stable.
Benefits Vs Risks of MRI Examinations
Benefits
The MRI exam is a noninvasive technique for imaging that doesn’t require exposure to ionizing radiation.
MRI exams help physicians evaluate brain structures and even provide functional information in some cases.
MRI facilitates the discovery of abnormalities that might not be apparent when using other imaging techniques.
MRI produces much clearer and more detailed images of cranial structures including the brain than with other imaging methods. This is why MRIs are an indispensable tool in early evaluation and diagnosis of various conditions such as tumors.
Contrast material used for MRI examinations is less likely to trigger an allergic reaction compared to iodine-based contract materials used for CT scans and regular X-rays.
A variant of MRI known as angiography (MRA) produces detailed images of blood vessels in the brain often without the need for contrast material.
MRI is capable of detecting stroke at the very early stages by mapping the movement of water molecules in the tissue. The motion of water is known a diffusion and is impaired by most strokes, usually within less than 30 minutes from the onset of the symptoms.
Risks
MRI exams pose close to zero risk to the average patient, but only when the right safety guidelines are followed.
The risk of excessive sedation is always present if sedation is to be About MRI Scans of the Head used. However, the nurse or technologist usually monitors the patient’s vital signs to minimize the risk.
The strong magnetic field might not be harmful in itself, but implanted medical devices containing metal could easily malfunction or cause problems while the MRI exam is underway.
A rare but recognized complication associated with MRI exams is known as Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis. It is believed to be caused by the injection of massive doses of gadolinium-based contrast in patients whose kidneys function very poorly. The risk of this rare complication can be minimized by carefully assessing kidney function before considering a contrast injection.
If contrast material is injected, there is a slight risk of an allergic reaction. The reactions are often mild and medication can be used to control them. If the patient experiences allergic symptoms, a radiologist or another physician is available to provide immediate assistance.
Intravenous contrast manufacturers have indicated that mothers should avoid breastfeeding their babies 24 to 48 hours after the contrast medium is administered. However, both the European Society of Urogenital Radiology and the American College of Radiology have noted that the data suggests that breastfeeding after the intravenous contrast has been administered is safe.
What Are the Limitations of MRI Exams of the Head?
High-quality images are only assured if the patient is able to stay perfectly still and follow the breath holding instructions while the recording of the images is underway. Patients that are confused, anxious, or in severe pain might find it hard to stay still while imaging is underway.
Very large individuals may not fit into the openings of some types of MRI machines.
The presence of implants or other metallic objects sometimes makes obtaining clear images hard due to the streak artifacts from the metallic objects. Patient movement also has a similar effect.
A heartbeat that is very irregular can affect the quality of images obtained using techniques which time imaging on the basis of the heart’s electrical activity, such as electrocardiography.
For patients that have been injured acutely, MRI is generally not recommended. However, the decision is on the basis of clinical judgment. The reason for this is that traction devices along with various types of life support equipment can distort MR images and should thus be kept away from the area to be imaged. The examination also takes longer than other imaging techniques such as CT scans and x-rays and results might not be available immediately, as is usually necessary in trauma situations.
While no evidence suggests that MRIs can harm a fetus, pregnant women are often advised not to undergo the procedure especially if they are in their first trimester unless it is medically necessary to do so.
MRI exams are not always able to differentiate between cancer tissues and fluid, which I known as edema.
MRI exams generally cost more and take more time to perform compared to other imaging techniques.
Follow and click the link to read more about this article and see many more leading articles on CT scan, MRI scan, and medical imaging: https://ubidmri.com/about-mri-scans-of-the-head/
MRI Scans Of The Head
MRI Of The Head
Magnetic Resonance Imaging – better known as MRI – of the head is the head imaging technique that makes use of the radio-frequency waves, powerful magnetic fields, and advanced computer image processing to produce a detailed image of the brain and the cranial structures. With the aid of a contrast material, usually, gadolinium, MRI is capable of producing better images bearing more details than any other imaging method in use today. Additionally, the sharpness of the images is achieved without the use of ionizing radiation, which improves the safety of the procedure considerably.
However, despite being inherently safer than other imaging techniques in use today, patients looking to undergo MRI scanning of their heads should divulge any and every relevant medical information that may affect the procedure or their health.as such, patients should provide their doctors with information about recent surgeries, any prevailing health issues, as well as any allergies they may have.
The magnetic fields in use are quite harmless. However, they may affect the efficiency and functionality of some medical implants. With this in mind, even though the vast majority of orthopedic implants may not be affected, patients are best advised to divulge information regarding their presence.
Another benefit of using MRI is that even though the imaging technique is quite robust and developed, it does not necessarily need patients to change their routines. For instance, typically, patients do not have to change their diets or medications prior to having an MRI. Thus unless specifically given instructions by your doctor regarding eating, drinking, and taking medicine, one does not have to change anything. This bodes well with regular living as patients do not have to change their daily routines. The only thing they are asked to do is to wear loose fitting, comfortable clothes that are devoid of any metal as well avoid taking any jewelry to the MRI scanning session.
Understanding MRI Of The Head
MRI is simply a noninvasive medical test that is used to diagnose ailment affecting the head. As mentioned above, the imaging process is achieved by using a combination of strong magnetic fields and radio waves, while advanced computer image processing is used to develop a detailed picture of the parts of the brain that are of interest. This imaging technical is particularly adept in producing detailed pictures of the soft tissues, organs, and bones. Thus, it can be used to intricately understand the body part of interest. In fact, MRI is the most sensitive imaging technology we have today.
Obviously, doctors can develop hard copies of the detailed images of the part of the head that is of interest. However, the images can also be monitored on a computer screen, transmitted from the lab to the doctor’s office electronically, copied to a CD for storage or upload to the cloud for storage and transmission. As you can appreciate, MRI scans are quite versatile to use.
Uses Of The MRI Imaging Technology
MRI as an imaging technology can and has been used to diagnose long-standing as well as abrupt ailments affecting the head, including but not limited to:
1. Brain Tumors
2. Stroke
3. Infections in the head
4. Causes of epilepsy
5. Hemorrhage in some trauma patients
6. Anomalies in development
7. Pituitary gland disorders
8. Hydrocephalus
9. Multiple sclerosis and other conditions
10. Inner ear and eye disorders, and
11. Vascular ailments.
Preparing For MRI
As mentioned above, there is not a lot of preparation required before going for an MRI examination. The main thing that the patient has to do is to wear proper clothing (loose comfortable clothes) with no metal. However, some technicians will require the patient to wear a medical gown. With regards to drinking and eating, patients can typically maintain their eating routine as long as it entails a healthy diet. However, for some specific examinations, and eating, drinking, and medication routine will be recommended to the patient by the technologist or by the doctor.
Determining Whether The Patients Has Any Pre-Existing Condition
Right before going in for the examination, the nurse, radiologist, or technologists typically asks the patient about allergies to certain contrasting material environments, food, drugs, or contrasting material. Additionally, they are supposed to enquire about any pre-existing condition that may affect the examination including whether you have asthma and whether you are claustrophobic. In the instance that a patient is claustrophobic or suffering from anxiety disorders, a mild sedative is usually given right before the examination.
As mentioned before, it is important for patients to divulge any relevant medical information relating to health issues that they may have. However, the nurse, technologist, or radiologist will enquire about any health issues. For instance, he or she may enquire whether you have a history of suffering from kidney diseases or any liver-related issue such as a liver transplant. If you have a history of these sought of health issues, further study will be required to ensure that your kidneys and liver are performing fine.
Determining The Risk Associated With Any Medical Implants
Typically technologist will also be interested in finding out whether you have any medical devices installed in your body. The implanted devices may interfere with the examination, although this is dependent on the nature of the examination and the strength of the magnetic fields that will be used. Nonetheless, it is important for the radiologist to understand the risk associated with implanted devices. To this end, patients are encouraged to carry with them the pamphlet given to explain the risk associated with MRI examination. The information on the pamphlet makes it easy for the doctors and the radiologist to determine the risk levels and whether the risk associated can be mitigated. Some of the medical implants that are of interest to the radiologist include:
1. Implanted drug infusion ports
2. Artificial heart valves
3. Implanted nerve stimulators
4. Implanted screws, pins, stents, or staples
5. Implanted joint prostheses, or artificial limbs.
For the most part, MRI can be performed on patients with medical implants in a safe yet efficient manner. However, the following patients should not enter the MRI room, let alone undergo an MRI scan:
1. Patients with pacemakers or cardiac defibrillators
2. Patients with medical clips in their brains
3. Patients with metal coils in their blood vessels
4. Patients with ear/cochlear implants.
Determining Whether There Are Any Metal Foreign Objects In The Patient
It is not just medical implants that are of interest to the radiologist. He or she is also interested in finding out whether you have any foreign object in your body, especially of metallic nature as they may affect the MRI examination. To this end, radiologists usually make a point of finding out whether their patients have foreign materials such as bullets, shrapnel, or any other kind of piece of metal in the bodies.
Aside from affecting the examination and distorting resulting, the metal is prone to movements while undergoing examination due to the strong magnetic field. As such, foreign metal objects need to be accounted for and the risk associated with their presence determines. This is especially important when the object is near sensitive organs such as the eyes.
The risk associated with having tooth fillings and tattoos also need to be determined. Tattoos with metal-based (iron-based) inks may heat up when exposed to a strong enough magnetic field.
As for tooth fillings, their presence is usually a non-issue. However, they may affect the accuracy of the image of the brain of facial parts by distorting the magnetic field. It is thus important for the radiologist to know that they are present.
MRI And The Pregnancy Issue
Moreover, for women, the issue of pregnancy is a concern to the radiologists and as such, he or she will inquire about it. Even though MRI has been used extensively in the past on pregnant women (since 1984), no reports of ill-effects on pregnant women and their unborn children have been recorded. Nonetheless, precaution dictates that pregnant women should not receive MRI examination in the first three to four months of their pregnancies. The reason behind this is to reduce exposure of the unborn child to the strong magnetic fields. Additionally, pregnant women should not receive gadolinium treatment. As such, for pregnant mothers, MRI examination should be conducted only in the event where the benefits of the examination outweigh the cons.
After establishing your suitability for examination, the patient is injected with a contrasting material that will not affect them. In the event a patient has an allergy to the iodine-based contrasting material, gadolinium is usually used as the alternative. It is by far, less common for people to be allergic to gadolinium-based contrasting material that iodine-based material. And when one is allergic to both kids of contrasting materials, pre-medication treatment under the patient’s consent allows gadolinium to be used.
MRI Equipment
The more traditional MRI units bear a cylinder-shaped tube, with the surrounding wall being containing the magnet. Patients the lie on a motorized table where they can be inserted and removed from the MRI machine automatically. The new MRI machines tend to have a larger bore, which improves the comfort of the patients, especially those who are claustrophobic.
The short-bore MRI machine tend are designed to not have the magnet completely surrounding the patients. The Open MRI machines are designed to be open on one side. This variety of MRI unit is perfect for claustrophobic individuals as well as individuals who are large. While traditionally the Open MRI has not been quite powerful as the conventional MRI machine, advancements in technology have enabled it to attain improved accuracy.
Every MRI unit has a workstation from which the radiologist controls the machine while at the same time monitoring the imaging progress.
The MRI Procedure
The unique bit of MRI machines is that they do not make use of ionizing radiation much the same like X-rays and Computed tomography does. MIR uses radio-frequency pulses to realign the hydrogen atoms that our bodies have, all the while not causing any chemical change in our tissues.
While the hydrogen atoms align themselves to their original state, they emit different levels of energy. The variation in the level of energy emitted depends on the type of tissues emitting the energy. The MR scanner thus picks up the emitted energy and uses the variation in energy levels to create an image of the tissues involved.
In the MRI unit, an electric current is passed through wire coils which create the magnetic field required. Other coils in the unit are designed to emit and receive radio waves. The computer thereafter processes the image of the signals received, thus forming an image of a thin slice of the head.
How is an MRI Examination Performed?
MRI examinations can be performed on inpatients and outpatients. The patient is usually positioned on a movable examination table. Bolsters and straps are sometime used to ensure that patients remain still and maintain proper positioning while imaging is underway.
Devices containing coils that can send and receive radio waves are placed either adjacent or around the area under examination. If the MRI is for the head, a device is positioned around the head.
If the MRI examinations requires the use of a contrast material, a technologist, nurse, or physician inserts an intravenous catheter (IV line), into a vein in the patient’s arm or hand. A saline solution is sometimes used to inject contrast material. This saline solution drips through the IV to ensure that the IV catheter does not block before the completion of the injection of the contrast material.
The patient is placed into the MRI unit’s magnet where the technologist and radiologist perform the exam while working at a computer situated outside the MRI room.
Once the exam is complete, the patient may be asked to wait while the radiologist or technician checks the images to see whether any additional images are required. The intravenous line is then removed.
MRI examinations usually involve several runs or sequences that may last for several minutes. It takes an average of 45 minutes for the entire examination to be completed.
The MRI examination, an additional procedure known as MR spectroscopy that provides additional information on the chemicals found in the cells of the body may also be performed and can add about 15 minutes to the total examination time.
What Can Patients Expect During and After the MRI?
MRI examinations are generally painless, but remaining still while the procedure is underway is uncomfortable for some patients. Other patients experience claustrophobia (fear of being in enclosed spaces) while in the MRI scanner. Sedation can thus be arranged for patients that anticipate anxiety but less than 5 percent of cases require medication.
It is perfectly normal for the area being imaged to feel a bit warm. However, if it becomes too much of a bother, the patient should notify the technologist or radiologist. Patients should stay perfectly still while the imaging is underway, which is usually just a couple of seconds to a couple of minutes at a time. Patients know when the recording of images is underway since they will feel loud thumping or tapping sounds when the activation of the coils generating the radiofrequency pulses happens. Some facilities provide headphones while others provide earplugs to reduce the https://ubidmri.com intensity of the sounds the MRI machine makes. Patients can relax between imaging sessions, but will be required to maintain their positions without movement as much as possible.
Patients are usually alone in the exam room while the MRI procedure is underway. However, technologists are still able to hear, see, and speak to patients using a 2-way intercom. MRI facilities usually allow parents or friends to stay in the room as long as they are screened for safety in the magnetic environment.
During the exam, children are usually given appropriately sized headphones or earplugs. MRI scanners are well-lit and air-conditioned. Music can be played through headphones to help patients pass the time.
Intravenous injection of contrast material is sometimes administered prior to capturing of the images. The intravenous needle may be the source of some discomfort once inserted and the patient may experience some bruising. Patients may also experience irritation of the skin at the point of insertion of the IV tube. Other patients may experience a metallic taste in their mouths once the contrast has been injected, but it is just temporary.
No recovery period is needed if sedation is not necessary. Patients can resume their usual diet and activities once the exam is complete. On some rare occasions, patients might experience side effects from the contrast material, including headache, nausea, and pain at the injection site. Patients allergic to the contrast material may experience itchy eyes, hives, or other side effects. Patients that experience allergic symptoms should notify the technologist, radiologist, or any other health practitioner available for immediate assistance.
Who is Responsible for Interpreting Results and How Does the Patient Get Them?
Supervision and interpretation of radiology examinations is done either a radiologist or a specifically trained physician. It is also his or her responsibility to analyze those images and send a signed report to the patients referring or primary care physician that will then share those results with the patient.
Follow-up exams may be required. The doctor provides reasons for requesting additional examinations. Follow-up exams are sometimes done because further evaluation with a special imaging technique or additional views is required for a potential abnormality. Follow-up exams are sometimes the best way to determine whether treatment is working or whether a finding changes over time or is stable.
Benefits Vs Risks of MRI Examinations
Benefits
The MRI exam is a noninvasive technique for imaging that doesn’t require exposure to ionizing radiation.
MRI exams help physicians evaluate brain structures and even provide functional information in some cases.
MRI facilitates the discovery of abnormalities that might not be apparent when using other imaging techniques.
MRI produces much clearer and more detailed images of cranial structures including the brain than with other imaging methods. This is why MRIs are an indispensable tool in early evaluation and diagnosis of various conditions such as tumors.
Contrast material used for MRI examinations is less likely to trigger an allergic reaction compared to iodine-based contract materials used for CT scans and regular X-rays.
A variant of MRI known as angiography (MRA) produces detailed images of blood vessels in the brain often without the need for contrast material.
MRI is capable of detecting stroke at the very early stages by mapping the movement of water molecules in the tissue. The motion of water is known a diffusion and is impaired by most strokes, usually within less than 30 minutes from the onset of the symptoms.
Risks
MRI exams pose close to zero risk to the average patient, but only when the right safety guidelines are followed.
The risk of excessive sedation is always present if sedation is to be used. However, the nurse or technologist usually monitors the patient’s vital signs to minimize the risk.
The strong magnetic field might not be harmful in itself, but implanted medical devices containing metal could easily malfunction or cause problems while the MRI exam is underway.
A rare but recognized complication associated with MRI exams is known as Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis. It is believed to be caused by the injection of massive doses of gadolinium-based contrast in patients whose kidneys function very poorly. The risk of this rare complication can be minimized by carefully assessing kidney function before considering a contrast injection.
If contrast material is injected, there is a slight risk of an allergic reaction. The reactions are often mild and medication can be used to control them. If the patient experiences allergic symptoms, a radiologist or another physician is available to provide immediate assistance.
Intravenous contrast manufacturers have indicated that mothers should avoid breastfeeding their babies 24 to 48 hours after the contrast medium is administered. However, both the European Society of Urogenital Radiology and the American College of Radiology have noted that the data suggests that breastfeeding after the intravenous contrast has been administered is safe.
What Are the Limitations of MRI Exams of the Head?
High-quality images are only assured if the patient is able to stay perfectly still and follow the breath holding instructions while the recording of the images is underway. Patients that are confused, anxious, or in severe pain might find it hard to stay still while imaging is underway.
Very large individuals may not fit into the openings of some types of MRI machines.
The presence of implants or other metallic objects sometimes makes obtaining clear images hard due to the streak artifacts from the metallic objects. Patient movement also has a similar effect.
A heartbeat that is very irregular can affect the quality of images obtained using techniques which time imaging on the basis of the heart’s electrical activity, such as electrocardiography.
For patients that have been injured acutely, MRI is generally not recommended. However, the decision is on the basis of clinical judgment. The reason for this is that traction devices along with various types of life support equipment can distort MR images and should thus be kept away from the area to be imaged. The examination also takes longer than other imaging techniques such as CT scans and x-rays and results might not be available immediately, as is usually necessary in trauma situations.
While no evidence suggests that MRIs can harm a fetus, pregnant women are often advised not to undergo the procedure especially if they are in their first trimester unless it is medically necessary to do so.
MRI exams are not always able to differentiate between cancer tissues and fluid, which I known as edema.
MRI exams generally cost more and take more time to perform compared to other imaging techniques.
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